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Up Or Down? a Male Economist's Manifesto on the Toilet Seat Etiquette.

2021-07-08

Pinzheng Furniture

Dear Annie: I read with interest the letters about putting down the

toilet seat. I've been browbeaten by various women for the past 60

yr about proper seat etiquette, starting with my mother. If I forget to

put the seat down even once, my wife reminds me for hours about this

life-threatening situation.

I know you said the last column was the final word on the subject,

but I hope you'll reopen the issue. I want to ask women: Who gave

you exclusive ownership of the bathroom? If men are nice enough to put

the lid down, why can't you ladies lift it up when you are done?

When I suggested this to my wife, she wanted to have me taken out and

shot. It's time to rebel!--Fed Up in Salem, Ore.

Dear Fed Up: What is it about toilet seats that excites people? We

received hundreds of letters on this subject and decided the "last

word" would have to wait--Kathy Mitchell and Marcy Sugar. (1)

I. INTRODUCTION

Should the toilet seat be left up or down after use? This is a

question that arises when members of the opposite sex share the same

toilet. For some reason, this seemingly trivial question elicits passion

from all sorts of people. It has become a topic of national debates in

popular syndicated columns by Ann Landers and TV sitcoms such as

ABC's "Home Improvement" and NBC's "3rd Rock

from the Sun." It is clear that this age-old debate is divided by

the gender. Women complain that it should be the man's

responsibility to lower the toilet seat after use. "Leaving the

toilet seat up" is often described as a problem, and there is even

a toilet seat that goes down automatically after about 2 min, claiming

that it has the perfect solution to the problem. Men seem to question

why women should be the free-riders all the time. To quote Larry James (2004), a personal relationship counselor, "The most hotly contested battlefield in the gender wars may not necessarily be in the

bedroom. It may be the bathroom. The seat-up versus seat-down debate

rages on ..."

Despite high emotions in the debate, scientific inquiries into this

issue are sparse. In fact, it is not obvious why there should be a

presumption that men are expected to leave the toilet seat down after

use. Internet search generated the following noneconomic/scientific

reasons for the down rule. First, there is an argument that being

considerate to one's love partner's needs supports things

going well in and out of the bedroom. To quote a phrase in the Internet

(available at

"Foreplay begins with putting the toilet seat down without being

asked!" Second, it is not good Feng-Shi to leave the toilet seat

up. Third, a toilet is not the most attractive household appliance.

Closing the lid improves its appearance and prevents things from falling

into the bowl. The last argument, however, proposes not only the seat

down but also the lid down.

In this paper, I investigate whether there is any justification for

the down rule based on economic efficiency. I find that the down rule is

inefficient unless there is large asymmetry in the inconvenience costs

of shifting the position of the toilet seat across genders. I show that

the "selfish" or the "status quo" rule that leaves

the toilet seat in the position used dominates the down rule in a wide

range of parameter spaces including the case where the inconvenience

costs are the same. The intuition for this result is easy to understand.

Imagine a situation in which the aggregate frequency of toilet usage is

the same across genders, that is, the probability that any visitor will

be male is 1//2. With the down rule, each male visit is associated with

lifting the toilet seat up before use and lowering it down after use,

with the inconvenience costs being incurred twice. With the selfish

rule, in contrast, the inconvenience costs are incurred once and only

when the previous visitor is a member of different gender. The worst

case under the selfish rule would occur when the sex of the toilet

visitor strictly alternates in each usage. Even in this case, the total

inconvenience costs would be the same as those under the down rule if

the costs are symmetric. If there is any possibility that consecutive

users are from the same gender, the selfish rule strictly dominates the

down rule because it keeps the option value of not incurring any

inconvenience costs in such an event. This logic can be extended to the

case of asymmetric aggregate frequency of toilet usage across genders.

The remainder of the paper is organized in the following way. In

Section II, I compare three plausible rules for the toilet seat

position--up, down, and selfish--on an efficiency criterion. I show that

the selfish rule always dominates the other two if the inconvenience

costs of changing the toilet seat position are the same across genders.

In Section III, I characterize the optimal rule for the toilet seat

position. It turns out that the selfish rule is the most efficient rule

in a wide range of parameter spaces. I also derive the condition that

the down rule can be the most efficient one when the inconvenience costs

are asymmetric. Section IV extends the analysis to the case where the

inconvenience costs are heterogeneous even within the same gender.

Section V contains concluding remarks.

II. THE BASIC MODEL

I consider the usage of a toilet that is shared by members of the

opposite sex.

Assume that the proportion of male to all users of a certain toilet

is given by [alpha]. Let me assume the frequency of using a toilet by

male and female is the same without loss of generality. If one gender

uses the toilet more often, this asymmetry can be reflected in [alpha].

Thus, the parameter [alpha] represents the relative aggregate frequency

of male using the toilet. (2)

I analyze an infinite horizon discrete time framework where the

toilet is used once in each period. The discount factor is given by

[delta]. With the assumption about the relative frequency of the toilet

usage by each gender, the probability that the user is male in each

period is given by [alpha]. (3) The inconvenience cost of lowering the

toilet seat for women is given by [c.sub.f]. The corresponding cost of

lifting the toilet seat for men is given by [C.sub.m]. Even though I use

the term inconvenience costs, [c.sub.f] and [C.sub.m] can encompass

other types of costs such as "unwittingly placing one's bottom

directly on the porcelain" and risk of falling in by sitting down

without looking when the seat is up or "leaving sprinkles on the

seat" when it is down, respectively.

My goal in this section is to compare the expected aggregate

inconvenience costs of three rules--down, up, and selfish--concerning

the position of the toilet seat. In this comparative analysis, I

abstract from other considerations such as being considerate to members

of the opposite sex, aesthetic aspects, the wear costs of the seat

hinge, etc.

A. The Down (Female-Friendly) Rule

This is a rule that leaves the position of the seat down after one

is done with the bathroom task. In particular, this rule implies that

each visit by a male member will be associated with the inconvenience

costs of 2 [c.sub.m], whereas female members will incur no costs.

Let [V.sup.DOWN.sub.m] and [V.sup.DOWN.sub.f] denote the value

functions with the down rule when the particular user in the current

period is male and female, respectively. Then, these value functions

satisfy the following recursive relationships.

(1) [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]

(2) [V.sup.DOWN.sub.f] = [delta][[alpha] [V.sup.DOWN.sub.m] (1 -

[alpha]) [V.sup.DOWN.sub.m]]

By solving these two equations, we can get

(3) [V.sup.DOWN.sub.m] = - (1 - [delta][alpha]/1 -

[delta])(2[c.sub.m])

(4) [V.sup.DOWN.sub.f] = - (1 - [delta][alpha]/1 -

[delta])(2[c.sub.m])

Because the probability of a particular arrival being male is

[alpha], the value function associated with the down rule is:

(5) [V.sup.DOWN.sub.f] [alpha] [V.sup.DOWN.sub.m] (1 - [alpha])

[V.sup.DOWN.sub.f]

= - [alpha]/1 - [delta](2 [c.sub.m])

B. The Up (Male-Friendly) Rule

This is a rule that leaves the position of the seat up after one is

done with the bathroom task. In this case, all the inconvenience costs

are incurred by females. The case is a mirror image of the down rule and

the value function of this rule can be derived in an analogous way. Let

[V.sup.UP.sub.m] and [V.sup.UP.sub.f] denote the value functions when

the particular user is male and female, respectively. Then, these value

functions satisfy the following relationships.

(6) [V.sup.UP.sub.m] = [delta][alpha][V.sup.UP.sub.m] (1 -

[alpha])[V.sup.UP.sub.f]]

(7) [V.sup.UP.sub.f] = 2 [c.sub.f]

[delta][[alpha][V.sup.DOWN.sub.m] (1 - [alpha])[V.sup.UP.sub.f]]

By solving these two equations, I can derive

(8) [V.sup.UP.sub.m] = - [delta](1 - [alpha])/1 - [delta](2

[c.sub.f])

(9) [V.sup.UP.sub.f] = - (1 - [delta](1 - [alpha])/1 - [delta])

(2[c.sub.f])

Because the probability that a particular arrival is male is

[alpha], the value function associated with the down rule is:

(10) [V.sup.UP] = [alpha] [V.sup.UP.sub.m] (1 - [alpha])

[V.sup.UP.sub.f]

= -(1 - [alpha])/1 - [delta] (2[c.sub.f])

A comparison of Equations (5)and (10) yields the following

proposition.

PROPOSITION 1. The down rule is more efficient than the up rule if

and only if [c.sub.f]/[c.sub.m] > [alpha]/1 - [alpha].

C. The Selfish (Status Otto) Rule

This is a rule that leaves the position of the seat as it was used.

Let [V.sup.SQ.sub.m] and [V.sup.SQ.sub.f] denote the value

functions when the particular user is male and female, respectively,

under the selfish rule. Then, these value functions satisfy the

following relationships.

(11) [V.sup.SQ.sub.m] = - (1 - [alpha])[c.sub.m]

[delta][alpha][V.sup.SQ.sub.m] (1 - [alpha]) [V.sup.SQ.sub.f]

(12) [V.sup.SQ.sub.f] = [alpha][c.sub.f]

[delta][alpha][V.sup.SQ.sub.m] (1 - [alpha]) [V.sup.SQ.sub.f]

By solving these two equations, I get

(13) [V.sup.SQ.sub.m] = - [(1 - [alpha])(1 - [delta])(1 -

[alpha]))/1 - [delta] [c.sub.m]

[delta][alpha](1 - [alpha])/1 - [delta] [c.sub.f]]

(14) [V.sup.SQ.sub.f] = - [[delta][alpha](1 - [alpha])/1 - [delta]

[c.sub.m] [alpha](1 - [delta][alpha])/1 - [delta] [c.sub.f]]

Because the probability that a particular arrival is male is

[alpha], the value function associated with the down rule is:

(15) [V.sup.SQ] = [alpha][V.sup.SQ.sub.m] (1 - [alpha])

[V.sup.SQ.sub.f]

= - [alpha](1 - [alpha])/1 - [delta]([c.sub.m] [c.sub.f])

Comparisons of Equations (5), (10), and (15) give me the following

result. See also Figure 1.

PROPOSITION 2. If the inconvenience costs are the same across

genders ([C.sub.m] = [C.sub.f]), the selfish rule dominates both the up

and down rules.

[FIGURE 1 OMITTED]

The intuition for Proposition 2 is easy to understand. With either

up or down rule, each member of one gender group has to incur the

inconvenience costs two times with each usage. This practice can be

obviously inefficient in the event that consecutive users are from the

same gender to which the inconvenience costs are attributed. This

inefficiency can be avoided by using the selfish rule because the

inconvenience costs are incurred only when the consecutive users are

from different genders. Even in such an event, the aggregate costs would

be the same as those under the up or down rule if the inconvenience

costs are the same across genders.

I cannot rule out the optimality of, say, the down rule if the

inconvenience costs are asymmetric across genders. My analysis, however,

suggests that to justify the down rule on efficiency grounds, the

inconvenience costs for female should be very high relative to those for

male. More precisely, the condition for the down rule to dominate the

selfish rule is [gamma] = [c.sub.f]/[c.sub.m] > 1[alpha]/1-[alpha].

For instance, if male and female users visit the toilet with the same

frequency ([alpha] = 1/2), the inconvenience costs for female should be

three times higher than the corresponding costs for male to justify the

down rule.

Up to now, I have considered only three potential mechanisms. These

three rules, however, are not the only rules we can entertain. For

instance, I can imagine a rule such that the position of the seat should

be restored to the prior position before use. Alternatively, I can also

consider a mutually considerate rule in which male users leave the seat

down, whereas female users leave the seat up after use. In the next

section, however, I show that all these rules are dominated by one of

the three rules I have considered. Thus, restricting my attention to the

three rules does not entail any loss of generality in the analysis.

III. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE OPTIMAL RULE: A MECHANISM DESIGN

APPROACH

In the previous section, we compared three simple rules that can be

used for the toilet seat position. The task of this section is to derive

the most efficient rule among all possible mechanisms. I show that one

of the three rules discussed in the previous section is always optimal.

Thus, restricting my attention to the three rules does not entail any

loss of generality if the only concern is to minimize the aggregate

inconvenience costs of toilet users.

The general rule can be considered a collection of four numbers

([[sigma].sub.um], [[sigma].sub.dm], [[sigma].sub.uf], [[sigma].sub.df)

where [[sigma].sub.ij] denotes the probability that the seat be down

after use when the position of the seat before use is i and the visitor

is j, where i = u, d and j = m, f. The first subscripts u and d denote

up and down, respectively, and the second subscripts m and f denote male

and female, respectively. The objective is to search for the best

mechanism that minimizes the aggregate inconvenience costs.

In the Appendix, I prove that the position of the seat before

one's use should not count in the optimal rule.

LEMMA. The optimal rule should depend only on the gender of the

user, not the position of the seat before one arrives.

With the help of lemma, I can restrict my search for the optimal

mechanism to a class of rules that can be written as ([[sigma].sub.m],

[[sigma].sub.f]), where [[sigma].sub.m] and [[sigma].sub.f]are the

probabilities that the toilet seat should be in the down position after

usage by a male and a female, respectively.

Let [[sigma].sub.m]([[sigma].sub.m], [[sigma].sub.f] and

[V.sub.f]([[sigma].sub.m], [[sigma].sub.f]) be the corresponding present

discounted value when a particular user in the current period is male

and female, respectively.

[MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]

Then, the corresponding value function for the rule

([[sigma].sub.m], [[sigma].sub.f]) can be written as

V([[sigma].sub.m], [[sigma].sub.f]) =

[alpha][V.sub.m]([[sigma].sub.m], [[sigma].sub.f]) (1 -

[alpha])[V.sub.f] ([[sigma].sub.m], [[sigma].sub.f])

= [-[alpha]M (1 - [alpha]F)]/(1 - [delta]),

where M = [[alpha][[sigma].sub.m] (1 - [alpha])

[[sigma].sub.f]][c.sub.m] [[sigma].sub.m][C.sub.m] and F = [[alpha](1

- [[sigma].sub.m]) (1 - [alpha](1 - [[sigma].sub.f])][c.sub.f] (1 -

[[sigma].sub.f])[C.sub.f].

The search for the optimal mechanism is equivalent to solving

[MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]

PROPOSITION 3. The optimal toilet etiquette is given by the

following:

Let [gamma] = [c.sub.f]/[c.sub.m] be the relative cost of changing

the toilet seat position for male and female. Then, the optimal rule is

characterized by two critical values of [gamma] ([[gamma].bar] and

[bar.[gamma]]) such that:

(1) The toilet should be down if [gamma] > [bar.[gamma]] =

1[alpha]/1-[alpha]

(2) The toilet should be left as it was used if

[alpha]/2-[alpha] = [gamma] [alpha]/1-[alpha],

women should leave the seat as it was used and a male visitor should put

the toilet seat down after use if [C.sub.m]

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7 Tips to Help You Sell Your Farm Fresh Eggs for More Money

The continuing trend of raising backyard chickens has had an unintended negative effect on those selling their extra eggs. Due to a steady supply of fresh eggs from backyard flocks and small local farms at markets, roadside stands and feed stores, egg prices are being kept artificially low. But there are some things you can do to help you sell your fresh eggs for a bit more money. When you begin to calculate your expenses - including egg cartons, labels, business cards, feed, supplements, supplies, the chickens themselves, plus their coop and run, not to mention a little something for your time, and gas to get to the market - it's often hard to sell a dozen eggs for a high enough price to simply break even. Many times, local eggs are sold for about the same price as store-bought eggs, despite being fresher and more nutritious AND laid by happy hens. And when you sell your eggs, you are not only competing against the low grocery-store prices, but also against other local sellers. Studies have shown that buyers will more likely make a purchase when you engage more than one of their senses. So by enticing potential shoppers' sense of touch, sight, sound and possibly even taste, you have a better chance at making that sale. Here are some tips to engage the senses, get your eggs to stand out from the crowd and possibly even fetch a premium price. If you are selling at a farmers' market or fair, crack an egg into a bowl to show potential buyers how great your eggs look. Eggs from chickens that eat a lot of herbs, grass and weeds will naturally have more vibrant yolks and look fresher than store-bought eggs from caged chickens. But you can bump up the wow factor of your chickens' egg yolks even more by feeding foods high in xanthophyll, a carotenoid with a naturally orange pigment. Some foods rich in xanthophyll include basil, carrots, corn, marigolds, parsley, pumpkin, red cabbage and the leaves of most green plants. Adding a pop of color to your cartons can entice buyers to your table. Raise some chickens that lay blue, green or cream-colored eggs to create some eye candy in your cartons! Chicken eggs can be a dime a dozen because of the large supply available, but there are other types of poultry that lay eggs. Duck eggs are larger than chicken eggs and thought to be to be better for baking due to their higher fat content. Tiny quail eggs are considered a delicacy and are often pickled or used by five-star chefs to top burgers or salads due to their smaller size and relative rarity. There might also be a market for turkey and goose eggs in your area - and you will likely be able to set your own price. Studies show that someone is more likely to purchase an item if they have touched or held it. Consider putting out a basket of eggs on your table and handing an egg to anyone who stops at your table. Give out free samples - let people take home an egg to try it for themselves. Hopefully, that will compel them to come back the next week to buy - if they do not buy a dozen eggs on the spot. Make your packaging unique. Instead of simply packaging your eggs in cartons and stacking them on the table, why not tie a pretty ribbon or some baker's twine around the carton and attach a wildflower or sprig of herbs? Maybe even tuck a simple egg recipe in. Or fill large baskets or metal pails with eggs and let your buyers hand select a dozen to put in their carton. And do not forget to pass out business cards. Sending each customer away with your contact information is a must to make it easy for them to locate you when they are ready to reorder. Studies have shown that chickens raised on pasture produce more nutritious eggs than chickens that never see the light of day or step foot on grass. Pasture-raised chickens have access to a more diverse diet, including a variety of forages and insects, which can lead to increased levels of vitamins A and E and omega-3 fatty acids. Other studies have shown that chickens raised on grass lay eggs that are lower in cholesterol than those raised on a commercial feed-only diet. Share this information with your potential customers by printing out a nutritional comparison on cards or handouts that they can take home with them - and be sure the handout has your contact information on it too! If possible, play a recording of chickens softly clucking with an occasional rooster crowing at your booth. The sound of happy chickens in the background will work to engage yet another sense and hopefully give your buyers the urge to bring home some farm fresh eggs! And back to sight for a minute, photographs of your chickens or a large poster showing them happily roaming a field can help reinforce the positive image of your farm and your eggs - you are putting faces and even names to the producers! Using a little creativity will give you a leg up on your competition and hopefully fetch higher prices for your delicious, fresh eggs! Also check your state Department of Agriculture's egg laws or cottage-food regulations, so you are aware of egg grading, handling and storing requirements, rules about the reuse of cartons and carton labeling regulations - including the use of such terms as organic, free-range and pasture-raised. Your local extension service should be able to point you in the right direction to get that information or you can find it online. Egg laws vary state by state.Where do they sell jacuzzi?Jacuzzis R us Sells pretty good ones ay low prices Or craigslist Has one for free in LA Go quick

Need Help Finding Kitchen Items and Sofa?

The daybed and the island appear custom made to me. Any of the kitchen redesigners should be able to replicate the island without difficulty. The "tiles" on the floor are flagstone and any slab or rock yard has them, but to use on subflooring you need them guaged so that they all lay even. You really should go to a granite yard to look at the slabs because every yard calls their granite colors by something different with a few exceptions that are industry wide (like absolute black granite because it comes from only one mine in India)1. dog urine on my sofa?I just bought this product last week. It takes EVERYTHING out. It's called Folex and you can find it at Walmart. It's cheap too2. Is my sofa ruined? Help!?!?Just in case scratch it all over. Apply the oil to make it match. This is creativity. You just might like the new look3. Bernhardt sofa back support fallen off internally. Springs OK. Any ideas how to fix the sofa?Well, hubby fixed ours by opening it up, finding the broken piece and replacing it with fresh wood and screws and like the guy earlier stated, problem solve--then he used his staple gun to put the upholstery back in place. Worked quite well and looked professional4. Is buying a sofa from Walmart a good idea?Well even Target does not sell quality furniture. We bought a 5 piece dining room table a year ago and it's scratched up. We do not use it daily, it definitely was not worth $225 and likely can not sell it. I would suggest Garage Sale, Estate Sales, Dock 86, Secondhand shops, or Slumberland had a pretty decent sale on the July 4th, I am sure they will have a great sales weekend Labor Day, We bought a chocolate chenille couch for $580 normally $900. Free Delievry.5. how can i get rid of an unwanted sofa?Place it for free on the Craiglist in the free items section. Depending on where you live someone will be there in a snap to pick it up. If you have a digital camera take pictures also and upload them on the listing. Good Luck.6. How can I save my sofa?Get a strong piece of plywood and cover it with foam batting and stick it underneath the couch cushions. It should give enough support until you can replace it. Congrats on the new home.7. how to get candle wax out of upholstry [ sofa ] ?ummm...sarah has a point...but with something that is as fragile as micro-fiber I think personally I would allow the wax to completely harden and pull up as many pieces as I could as carefully as I could . Just so you do not over stretch the fabirc and cause raised spots. you could gently scrape away the rest. If there is still some in the couch...look up the manufacturers recommendations with water. If its okay with water, then use an ice cube to freeze more of it off. Or, you could even just put the ice in a ziplock bag and just do it that way. I would not take an iron to the couch...microfiber is a bit too satin-y for that. Just work slowly and carefully...and keep at it. Good luck.8. How to make Sofa seats "higher"?You could raise the sofa by placing concrete blocks under all 4 corners. Then get some boards & cover them in fabric or paint them or stain them & place them like a "skirt" under the 3 sides of the sofa. You could even give it an industrial look by using metal sheets or gridwork. As for the cushions, you do not say if they are attached or loose. If they are loose, hopefully they are zippered. In which case you will go to a fabric store & buy some dacron sheets & wrap the cushions with the sheets using a spray glue so it does not shift. Use a dry cleaning bag over the cushion to get it to slide easily back into the cover. Using dacron will probably be a lot less expensive than buying new foam cores, but look into that also - just find an upholstery outlet in your area. You can also just put boards under your cushions, but that will just feel firm, not more comfortable. If your cushions are attached there is not much you can do. You can always look for a sofa on craigslist, but just be sure that you disinfect it.

Can I Heat an Outside Chicken Coop with an Underground Heating System?

Can I heat an outside chicken coop with an underground heating system?go too: Heatinghelp.com (it might be .net or ? but try that) You want to find a place called, "The Wall" it is a place just like this where you can post your question. Simply: Yes you can.. but it depends on your heat source to heat the water? Existing boiler? Wood stove etc... I think it would be a great idea to do. YOu could even run a line under their nests if they are off the ground... not too hot now.. just enough to warm the toosh on those reall cold nights! I have seen dog houses heated etc.... You can use Pex pipe, circulator, expansion tank... basic fittings... you will have too have a basic knowledge to put it together and you can find the information at that sight. Just incase they have changed another search point or name would be: Dan Holohan, Hydronic heat, Wethead,,,,, any one of those should pull his site up. Good luck, great idea... it may cost a bit but why not ..â â â â â âWhat Is a Radiant Floor Heating System?Radiant heat is not exactly a new idea. Turkish and Roman baths were often constructed on raised floors so warm air could circulate underneath and keep things comfortable. Incorporating radiant heating systems into modern dwellings did not become popular, however, until the mid 20th century. Radiant heat has many advantages over other central heat systems, such as forced air, but installation cost is not one of them, especially if you want to add radiant heat to an existing structure. This can be an expensive alternative. However, radiant heat can be one of the most environmentally friendly heating options when used in conjunction with solar heating panels. What Is Radiant Heat? Hydroponic Radiant Floors Unlike in a Turkish bath, the radiant heat in a modern system comes from pipes or electric heating elements embedded in the floor or installed in the joists underneath. In a hydronic system, water circulates through a boiler, which maintains it at a temperature warm enough to heat the floor. This type of system is less costly to operate than an electric system, especially if you supplement the energy source needed to heat the water by using solar panels. The pipes that carry the heated water in a hydronic system are often embedded in concrete, because concrete is a good thermal conductor. The pipes in older systems are usually copper, but newer systems employ polyethylene (PEX) tubing, which is more versatile and easier to install. PEX tubing can even be installed in existing joists, so it is possible to have radiant heat under your hardwood or tile floor without having to tear it up. Electric Radiant Heat The elements in an electric radiant heat system are typically embedded in mats that go between the subfloor and the floor covering. The best time to install these is when you are replacing the floor covering. If your floor is not due for replacement anytime soon, you can also buy mats that fit between the joists and install them from underneath the floor. Three Types of Hydronic Systems You can choose from three different hydronic heating systems: closed, open or heat exchange. Closed system. The boiler is dedicated to the heating system. The main advantage of this type of system is that you can use antifreeze instead of water as the circulating fluid. Antifreeze is less corrosive than water, which is good for the boiler, and it's also more efficient at transferring heat. Open system. The boiler supplies hot water to bathrooms and kitchens as well as the heating system. You save money because you only need one water heater. Heat exchanger. A heat exchange system combines the benefits of both open and closed systems. The pipes that supply the radiant heat system pass through the main water heater, but they are sealed and usually circulate antifreeze instead of water. And you can get creative with a heat exchange system and tie it to a solar heating panel. The pipes from the panel can circulate antifreeze through the water heater as well as the floor, lowering your water heating costs while also providing heat for the house. Pros and Cons of Radiant Heat On the plus side, a radiant heating system puts the heat exactly where you need it-under your feet. As the warm air rises, the room quickly becomes uniformly and comfortably warm without the drafts and convection currents associated with forced air. Another advantage over forced air is that a radiant system has fewer moving parts. The only components you have to service are the boiler-which can double as a hot water heater for the bathroom in a pinch-and the circulation pump, which is a relatively inexpensive item. You will be happy you have radiant heat when the power goes out during a winter storm, because the floor retains heat for a few hours. The main drawback of radiant heat is its installation cost. This probably is not a problem if you are already building or renovating. But if you are not , the cost, which can approach $9.00 per square foot in a smaller house, can definitely be a factor. Another disadvantage is that a radiant heating system does not work well as a cooling system. If you need both heating and cooling, it's usually best to go with a forced air system. As far as electric radiant heat is concerned, it's best suited as a supplement to your existing heating system. It consumes too much electricity to make it practical as a stand-alone heating system for the entire home. Compatible Floor Coverings Not all floor coverings conduct heat well enough to work with radiant heating systems. The best choice is ceramic tile, which conducts heat as well as concrete. Laminate and stone flooring, as well as solid and engineered hardwood, are also suitable. Carpeting and vinyl flooring, however, are not good choices. These materials are poor conductors of heat, and are more likely to trap heat than to allow it to radiate into the room. Should I Go with Radiant Heat? If you are building a new house or you are considering a major renovation, radiant heat should definitely be on your list of options, particularly if the house has high ceilings. The best time to install a radiant heat system is when you are building the floors. Adding radiant heat to an existing structure is more labor-intensive and expensive, but it might make sense if you already have a large, underused water heater in good condition. Keep in mind that you do not need radiant heat in every room. You will probably want it in the bedrooms, bathrooms and living room, but hallways, closets and laundry rooms do not need the extra warmth. If you are on the fence, you can always give radiant heat a test run by purchasing an under-carpet heating mat. This provides the same type of warmth you would get from an actual radiant heating system, and the installation costs are zero.

How Can I Get My Foundation Brush Clean?

You will need not just water but also facial foam as well. Apply a dab of your usual facial wash to your palm and swish the wet brush in the hand in circles. You will see the facial foam changing colour to your foundation. Keep adding and washing off the facial wash until the water runs clear. Leave your brush to dry overnight naturally1. best MAC foundation brush that.....?150. It's fluffy enough to actually pick up the powder and be gentle on your face, but it's dense enough to actually deposit color without making you look like you just dunked your face in a bowl of powder. I totally feel where you are coming from here. I had a 187 and a kabuki brush for a really long time, so if I needed that medium amount of coverage, I was kind of screwed. Haha, for a while, I would use my kabuki, but only put powder on half of it. It worked pretty well, if you want to give that a try. But then I bought a 150, and it's just about all I use now. I use my 187 for Mineralize skinfinishes and blush now. Hope this helps!2. Please answer! How do I apply liquid foundation with an essence of beauty foundation brush without streaks?That results in streaks. You need to use a light hand. Use a feathary technique3. Does anyone know a good foundation brush?Mac has some good brushes and why dont you just check em out over line and get the prices4. How do you apply foundation with a brush on forehead?If you are using liquid foundation, one way to do it would be to dot your forhead with foundation and blend it in a downward motion to your nose. Make sure to use light steady strokes of the foundation brush. I hope you like this method and hope it works out for you.5. I have 2 URGENT questions....?1) It would probably be best if you did not . Lip gloss stays gooey and it might run into your eyes. Trust me, just go without until you get a new tube of mascara. 2) Basic brushes to own: Foundation brush, powder brush, blush brush, and fluffy eyeshadow brush. That should keep you covered until you decide you want to do something a bit more complex with your makeup. Good luck!6. How can I clean my MAC foundation brush?Foundation Brush Mac7. When you apply foundation with a brush does it change the coverage?Brush can give you thicker coverage whilst blending in the foundation, using your fingers you get a lighter coverage. If you decide to use a foundation brush I really like MACs 190 Brush, it is expensive put worth it.8. How do you clean a foundation brush?i use shampoo on mine as for the drying you need to blot out as much water as possilbe and then leave it to air dry. Mine are normally dry the next morning. Plus I only wash my once a week. That is what my makeup consultant told me9. Has anyone out there purchased MAC make-up?yeap..most of their items are sold separately...but sometimes(once in a blue moon,rather..) they sell it in a set...which is much much cheaper compared to wen u buy the exact items separately..(eg.studio fix foundation compact powder foundation brush - in a cute cosmetic pouch).. so u have to keep a look out for it..or call & enquire the MAC counters abt it. i dun noe if they hav it in ur country..but they hav it in Singapore. =) cheers.10. I really need a good liquid foundation brush!!?Mac brushes are the best!!11. What is the best way to apply cream makeup?I am going to disagree quite a bit here, and this is going to make sense if you use a pricey cream foundation. By using a sponge or beauty blender, you will waste quite a bit of product. My advice is to apply with clean fingers, and use a sponge, beauty blender or foundation brush to blend in the edges, if necessary.12. What's the best liquid foundation/concealer? And what's the best foundation brush?You might like this one Coastal Scents Professional Camouflage Concealer Palette. * 10 Concealers * Can be used by all ages and skin tones * Cream concealers * Very blendable

My Boyfriend Wants to Get Married? We Known Each Other for a Year?

My boyfriend wants to get married? We known each other for a year?You are a pig and you do not deserve himâ â â â â âNeed help with Guinea Pig.?guinea pigs are very sociable. if you arent planning on getting another, you need to be prepared to spend good quality time with this pet. right now, he sounds lonely and is stressed out because of his new home. he should get over this soon, but if not, or if he stops eating, try the vet--they may advise you to get a second, which you should do early on, before the pig is grown. Some fun things to do with a pig are feeding them treats like carrots, letting them play inside cereal boxes, taking them outside on a leash, and talking to them--most will "answer" back with happy squeaks!â â â â â âGuinea pig squeaking- good or bad?this is the sound a pig makesâ â â â â âHave any of you been a compulsive eater?well i dont like finishing my food frist cause it makes me fell like a pigâ â â â â âWhich breed of pig is best to keep as a pet?It is never a good idea to buy a pet for another person without their knowledge or consent. They may have plans for the future that you are not aware of that do not involve owning that animal, and the animal will likely end up in a shelter. That being said, for an indoor pet, the only really practical pig to keep is a pot belly. They still get anywhere from 75 to 150 lbs, require more care and details than I could fit in this box, and live 10 to 15 years. There are smaller pigs but they are rare / endangered. A Pig will Completely tear up the garden, so she will need fencing to keep it out. She will also need dedicated outdoor space for the pig to roam around and root safely. If piggy is not allowed to root outdoors, piggy will do it indoors. Before buying a pig make sure to check local zoning ordinances for her county and state. Usually available online, at the local public library, or at the county business offices. Also before buying it find a vet in her area that will commit to treating pot belly pigs, you can not just assume the local vet will know pot belly pigs. They require vastly different medical treatment from farm pigs. Cost will Vary from location to location. Expect to pay anywhere from 50 - 200 for the pig if you buy it local, 500 to 600 plus shipping if you use an online breeder. One Bag of Food should be around 15-25 bugs at a local farm supply store and will last a few months. Pigs are social creatures but you do not need more than one pig. Mine keeps great company with our cat.â â â â â âWhat is the most dirtest funniest joke you have ever heard!?A pig fell in the mudâ â â â â âHow do I save money? ?Give it to a Pig to keep safeâ â â â â âPig IslandPig Island may refer to: Pig Island (Exuma), the Bahamas Pig Island (Newfoundland and Labrador), Canada Pig Island, New Zealand, in Lake Wakatipu Pig Island (Ottawa, Canada) Pig Island, County Down, a townland in County Down, Northern Ireland Pig Island (Queensland), Australia Pig Island (novel), a British thriller novel "Pig Island" (song), a song by Sandra Boynton and Michael Fordâ â â â â âam i turning into a muslim?try first to turn from a pig to a human , then go choose a religionâ â â â â âHow do you make a homemade football?They used to make them out of animal bladders. Yes, like when they butchered a pig or sheepâ â â â â âHow do you think the Great Khali would fare as a rugby player?Good scrummager but about as fast as a pig in reverseâ â â â â âDo you think this image captures the moment?i wonder if they are pig farmers happy as a pig in .â â â â â âI am thinking about getting a guinea pig and I wondered if their bite hurts?Having raised guinea pigs because i became into knee severe to a hopper, i got here across that not all pigs are going to tame down. My first journey became into with 13 of those critters and maximum all of them weeet weeet weeet each and each time I opened the crisped drawer of the refrigerator, it incredibly is using the fact they knew that i became into getting them lettus, carrots, celery. besides as feeding them a good bowl of alfala pellets that keeps to be crammed each and all of the time, they will grow to be your chum authentic rapid that way and you will maximum possibly get bored of listening to them yet. .I also have a pig right now and he will weet weet at me yet run like heck as quickly as I attitude the cage. as quickly as he's out, he will come working to me and snuggle authentic close for risk-free practices while he spooks which brings up the actuality of guinea pigs. . information.enable them to hearken to the crisper drawer and you saying the comparable element each and each time dazzling formerly you supply him that handle and he will weeet weeet weeet swifter than you would be wanting. I constantly say hereeee pig pig pig repeatedly, the full time additionally, for some reason this is not good to maintain your pig interior 20 ft of your T. V. there are sounds and tones that injury their ears and scares them. i am hoping I helped you. there is not something worse than loving something that would not love you decrease back

My Mom Won't Let Me Go to School Tomorrow?

I have never been in a situation like this but ill try. Try and see if your dad will be able to take care of you sister. If your mom wont accept that then try and reason with maybe going half of the day (you should still be able to turn in your exam reviews) and just bring a note saying why you were late (like personal reasons that usually works) if that doesnt work try talking to your dad. I mean you could always sneak out but ur mom would be really mad. Maybe tell her you cant get an A if you dont go tomorrow. Good Luck i hope you get to go. :)1. Do you think you're going to have school tomorrow?I do not have school on Wednesdays2. i want to bring my whey protein shake to school, can i just make the whey protein shake for school tomorrow?No, it is going to clump up and turn into a mud like substance. Mix it when you are ready to use it3. First day of school tomorrow, can't sleep, help please?I can never sleep the night before the first day either. But I am sure a lot of people wo not know each other at your school, and you will have no problem finding friends. I am starting high school Wednesday and I only know about five people. Whenever I can not sleep, I make a small playlist of my favorite songs and fall asleep listening to it. I use earbuds and they probably fall out as soon as I turn over, but the music distracts my mind and I pay attention to the words instead of my thoughts. Put your iPod under your pillow so it can not fall during the night. Also, use a cheap pair of headphones/earbuds in case you roll over on them or something. For me, it also helps to just envision a completely black space. Good luck! Get off the internet as soon as you read this (but after you pick this as best answer;).4. What should I wear to school tomorrow? Best for 10.?Going for a sexy-sophisticated look? You should wear a black mini skirt with no type of design so that the focus goes to your frilly, semi-colorful blouse/top. Since you are blonde, a forest green would look really great but that's just an idea. Make sure the top is sleeveless so that you can throw on a business-type of jacket which is a darker shade. Black, dark grey, purple, all depending on the shirt you chose. You can wear gladiater sandals or if you want an extra touch and you are that type of girl, nice heals. Just do not make this look like you are trying too hard. I am 14, so I understand. Good luck!! (:.5. what shall i wear to school tomorrow?you shall wear soomething very flattering...maybe some jeans a cute top & some ballet flats. You should wear your hair kind of curly with a skinny headband. That would look so cute!!.6. I've been using Tazorac (a retinoid) and my skin is peeling I have school tomorrow, how do I hide this or makeTry using a penis health creme every day. If you get a good creme containing vitamins and nutrients, you will stop that peeling in its tracks! Good luck!7. Poll: what are you gonna wear to school tomorrow?A Ramones shirt tucked into a high- waisted black skirt that has floral print with shear tights and my black booties. I will probably wear my hair down and messy, kinda like my profile pic8. What to wear to school tomorrow?dark wash skinny jeans 1 pink graphic tshirt/patriotic jerse gold sandal bracelets necklace earrings that are silver. hope this helps!9. What to wear for first day of school tomorrow?WEAR THE OPTION#1 :) FOR EYESHADOW USE LIGHT PINK U CAN STILL USED EYE SHADOW JUST B EXTRA CAREFUL N ACCESORIES A NICE BRACELET OR NICE NECKLEES UMMM RINGS BELT? CLIPS 4 UR HAIR? EARINGS ?10. What Shall I Wear To School Tomorrow?I would wear a pink tee shirt from Hollister or any other store with skinny jeans and your Real Brown UGGS. This is what I am wearing to school tomorrow!

Pease I Need Help Fast, I Have a Peugeot 306 1.4 Fuel Injector?

because you did not pin it, if you've rotated it or it has rotated you could get the timing 180 degrees out. which will mess up your injection timing and it will run very badly No.1 and no.4 can not both be at TDC. TDC is the "spark" stroke. you need to look at the crank timing marks and line up the scribed line on the flywheel to 0 degrees. that will make sure that no.1 is at TDC and that no.4 is on it's "dead" stroke. I am sure you can pin the crank at 0 or there abouts. you need to set up the cam so that NO.4 cylinder is on the INLET stroke when rotated clockwise. set it so that the lobes are not touching the valves with equal distance. after you've done this, you should be able to pin through the gear into the head with I think an M8 bolt. timing should be set, bolt the head down but do not torque it up! fit the belt and tension it moderately. rotate the engine by hand just to double check that valves are not going to hit on startup. if the valves hit you've not followed what I've said. if they do not hit the pistons, then you need to torque the head down and in the correct order. tension the belt so that you can not turn it more than 1/4 between 2 pulleys with the shortest distance. if the engine runs smooth then that's you done. I am not liable for any damage you cause. Since you did not pin it makes me think you do not know/understand what you are doing fully so your best bet is to get a mechanic! then you can moan at him if something goes wrong. good luck. P.S buy yourself a haynes manual.1. Is a $90 fuel injector service worth it?Well unless you know how to do it yourself you get charged extra for the labor cost. Typically, the chemical fluid itself costs about anywhere from 10 to 15 dollars.2. Car shutting off while driving. Steering wheel locks up, fuel injector system problem?Replace both of those relays. And in the future, do not buy a car from auction.3. How can Nissan make a V6 engine more powerful than Jeeps V6?Horsepower can be affected by a LOT of things ... the type of fuel injector used... the richness of the fuel mixture within the combustion chamber... the gear ratio... the way an engine is tuned... the exhaust system... etc., etc., etc4. Catalytic Converter? Transmission? or Fuel Injector problems on 2001 Chevy Impala?The first thing I would do is get a tune up. That sounds like the worst problem. But that does not have anything to do with the starting problem5. Hey, took car to shop. They said that the problem isn't the spark,compression,fuel pump,fuel injector pulsereally need more info what was the original problem? Was the car setting for awhile? bad gas can make a car run poorly or not at all. injector might be stopped up. has it been hot?(over heated) have you checked for vacuum leaks? as for the shop you are using find another shop and stay away from that one your shop should be able to diagnose your problem and fix it also have timing checked6. How often should I add fuel injector to my gas?3M Total Fuel System Cleaner and Chevron Techron Fuel System Cleaner are better, stronger products than the other county fair alixir's on parts store shelves. If the car is driven at fast maximum highway speeds you likely will never need it. Slow-poke town driving will pack more carbon in the combustion chambers, behind the valves and dirty-up the fuel injection nozzles. In this case, once or twice a year in an empty fuel tank then fill it as per instructions on the bottle is enough.7. Why is my fuel injector not getting power?As Kelly says, follow the wire. You have to trace the wire back (a wiring diagram of the bike would help), looking for the last place there is voltage and the first place there is no voltage. The problem is between these 2 points

Physics Problem on Potential and Kinetic Energy...?

I think this is how you solve it w = integral of f dx You can find the integration limits based on how far the chain falls If only the 1.2m section of the chain moved, this would be easy. Since sections of the chain on the table move less than the sections dangling, write the amount a "small" section has moved vertically as a function of how far it is from the top, (the end of the table section). (ie, a section at 1m from the top only moves 1m, while the very top moves 0) - No work is done to it while its on the table since the force is perpendicular to the direction of motion. Because the force is constant, multiply the expression for distance moved by the weight density, and integrate. If you dont know calculus, you can plot the graph of the function and find the area under the curve between the start at the distance moved when the chain falls off.1. Why is a 3-PDA no more powerful than a 2-PDA?Two stacks can emulate a Turing machine tape. Motion along the tape is isomorphic to popping some symbol $x$ from one stack and pushing it onto the other stack. Writing to the tape is isomorphic to popping something from one stack and writing the new thing to that stack. Thus, anything a one tape Turing machine can do, a 2-PDA can do. Since a Turing machine can simulate a $k$-PDA for finite $k$, it can certainly simulate a 3-PDA. Therefore a 2-PDA is just as computationally powerful as a 3-PDA.2. Is the equation of motion true for a non-uniform motion?A motion is said to be non uniform if it has an acceleration . If whatever is the acceleration then in such kind of nonuniformity motion equations of motion are valid but if in non uniform motion acceleration is not changing then it differential equation will be valid3. Should you strength train with resistance bands or dumbbells?If you've paid even a little attention to the boom in at-home workouts during quarantine, you've likely seen resistance bands popping up everywhere. Resistance band exercises are popular for good reason: compared to other fitness equipment, they are inexpensive, easy to store and simple to use at home (or anywhere for that matter). But do resistance band workouts really work? Who should be using them? And what is the best way to work out with a resistance band? For answers, we turned to orthopedic clinical specialist and physical therapist Erika Mundinger. Currently traveling the country in an RV, she's been discovering the best resistance band workouts in her own small space. "Can you get toned, can you get strong, can you get a good workout with resistance bands and hit weight-loss goals? Absolutely," Mundinger said. First, what is the difference in strength training with resistance bands versus weights? "If I grab a 15-pound dumbbell, the resistance of that 15 pounds stays consistent throughout the entire contraction," that's known as an isotonic contraction, Mundinger explained. "And then there's isokinetic, which is what we get from the resistance bands, and that's where the resistance changes as I move. [When] I grab that resistance band to do a bicep curl towards me, that resistance is going to get harder on the top and easier as I bring my hand back down. The more we are going through the motion, the resistance actually changes. So it just strengthens the muscles a little bit differently." Various bands come in different levels of resistance. "Each brand is going to have their own pretty rainbow color scheme," Mundinger said, "and it's pretty standard that lighter colors are typically lighter resistance, and as it gets darker it gets harder." When you can consistently maintain your form through a full range of motion with a band, you can begin to work your way up to the next one, she said. All you need is a set of bands and something stable to fasten them to. Emphasis on stable: if you try to anchor them to a table leg, "unless it's like an oak table that seats 12 you are going to pull the table over," she said. Think a banister or post, or if you actually have a home gym, a squat rack. "If you do not have something to anchor them to, that means you are going to be anchoring them underneath your foot or your arm," Mundinger said. In that case, "the most versatile ones are the long tubes with the handles." "It's hard to know exactly how much resistance you are pulling with," Mundinger said, so people who really want to be scientific about the amount of weight they are lifting wo not be able to do that. They are also not as helpful for training power moves like Olympic lifts, she said. "And you are probably not going to get quite as ripped," she said. "Because the resistance is changing as I move, I can not take my body through a full range of motion." With a squat, for example, "I can not get my body to do a full deep squat with resistance bands unless they are really light," she added. "To get big and strong and ripped like we would with full-body motions that we can do with dumbbells, kettlebells and barbells, it's hard to do because you are going to be starting at the bottom with really light resistance and ending with really hard resistance, and it's just impossible to create that power motion." "Because it is isokinetic and it gets harder as you move through, we start to activate our stabilizer muscles a lot more," Mundinger said. "So the more I am pulling on that band, the more my core muscles have to engage, the more I am raising my arms up overhead, the more my stabilizer muscles around my shoulder blades have to engage. So in physical therapy we love resistance band isokinetic stuff because it really trains that core stability." They can also help you improve your other workouts, including those using dumbbells. After working with resistance bands, "when I go back to those big foundational moves like the bench press or the squat or the deadlift, I am stronger because I have those accessory muscles now engaging more," Mundinger said. "Even if you are not hitting the weight room, they are just great for overall functional strength that I need to have throughout my day." Physical therapists love resistance bands, Mundinger said. "They are a good exercise for people who have injuries to be able to still build some core strength and stability and not flare up injuries and inflammation." Isokinetic exercises allow you to perform a lot more repetitions with lighter resistance, which comes with a lower risk of injury compared to performing isotonic exercises, she said. They also make it easy to "modify and substitute and limit your range of motion as much as or as little as you need to," she added. For anyone who can not load their lumbar spine with barbell squats, you can still train body-weight squats with bands, Mundinger said, "and then you get the cardiovascular component of the squat without causing back pain." OK, but we all want to know: Can we burn fat specifically in the stomach area? "Are you going to burn belly fat because you are burning calories and getting a workout? Yes," Mundinger said. Can you isolate your belly to burn fat with resistance bands? Not exactly. "Normal exercise will help you be able to do that," Mundinger said. "You will burn belly fat because you are working out, period." Ready to give resistance bands a try? Here is a 15-minute resistance band routine that will work your entire body

Kylie Jenner Shows Off Her Baby Bump for the First Time As She Steps Out Wearing a Baggy Tracksuit

KYLIE Jenner has revealed her âbaby bumpâ for the first time.The 20-year-old was spotted boarding a private jet in a black tracksuit, showing what appears to be the first look at her bump.Kylie is yet to comment on reports she's pregnant with her first child with boyfriend Travis Scott.But she has been keeping fans on their toes with her latest social media posts, as she appears to avoid showing her belly to the camera - until now.Last week the Keeping Up With The Kardashians took to Instagram to show off her Halloween costume - yet only showed fans her top half of her body.And she posted a snap of herself with sister Khloe, who is also reported to be expecting, over the weekend â but they both kept their figures well and truly under wraps.In the pic, the pair stand next to a drinks fridge in oversized hoodies and jogging trousers.Make-up mogul Kylie and her older sister looked completely fresh-faced as they turned their trip to the store into an impromptu photoshoot.As if that wasn't enough to get the rumour mills going, Kylie recently gave fans another reason to suspect she's with child, as she spent a whopping Â£3.8 million on a plot of land close to her current Â£9.2 million home.TMZ.com reported Kylie plans to turn it into a large garden and horse-riding trail.But while Kylie isnât ready to talk about her reported pregnancy, she did hit back at the latest images of her bump, claiming they are photoshopped.In a post on Twitter, she wrote: "First of all if youâre going to photoshop my photos blogs/paps!!"Check for the crooked lines in the background. 2nd photo is clearly altered."Meanwhile been reported thatKhloe and Kylie are lining up a joint nude shootto show off their matching baby bumps.Their older sister Kim posted a naked pregnancy selfie in 2015 - and now Khloe, 33, and Kylie, 20, are trying to line up a "beautiful" mag shoot to show off their own reportedly changing figures.The headline-grabbing reality TV sisters are already poised to "dominate the mummy market",with their mother Kris Jenner setting up business meetings for Kylie.A source toldHollywood Life:âKhloe and Kylie would like to show the world at the same time their growing bellies and would like to do it in a magazine shoot than would be reminiscent ofDemi Mooreâs iconic nude pregnancy pictorial inVanity Fair."They would love to be belly to belly and together to show off their bumps in the most beautiful way possible."Got a story? email digishowbiz@the-sun.co.uk or call us direct on 02077824220.We pay for videos too. Click here to upload yours.

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